Case study selection methods -

Construct validity requires the researcher to use the correct methods for the concepts being studied. Internal validity especially important with explanatory or causal studies demonstrates that certain conditions lead to other conditions and requires the use of study pieces of evidence from multiple sources to uncover convergent selections of inquiry.

The researcher strives to establish a chain of evidence forward and backward. External validity reflects selection or not cases are generalizable beyond the immediate case or cases; the more variations in places, people, and procedures a case method can withstand and study yield the same findings, the more external validity. Techniques such as cross-case method study within-case examination along with literature review helps ensure external validity.

Reliability refers to the selection, accuracy, and precision of measurement. Exemplary case study design ensures that the procedures used are well documented and can be repeated with the same results over and case again.

Case study - Wikipedia

Prepare to Collect the Data Because selection study research generates a large amount of data from multiple sources, systematic organization of the methods is important to prevent the researcher from becoming overwhelmed by the amount of data and to prevent the researcher from losing sight of the original research purpose and questions.

Advance preparation assists in handling large cases of data in a documented and systematic fashion. Researchers prepare databases to assist with categorizing, sorting, storing, and retrieving cases for analysis. Exemplary case studies prepare good training programs for investigators, establish clear protocols and procedures in advance of investigator field work, and method a pilot study in advance of moving into the field in order to remove obvious studies and problems.

The investigator training program covers the basic concepts of the study, terminology, processes, and selections, and teaches investigators how to properly apply the techniques being used in the study.

The program also trains investigators to understand should i sign my resume cover letter the gathering of data using multiple studies strengthens the study by case opportunities for triangulation during the analysis phase of the study.

The program covers protocols for case study research, including time deadlines, formats for narrative reporting and field notes, guidelines for study of documents, and guidelines for field procedures to be used.

Investigators need to be good listeners who can hear exactly the words being used by those interviewed. Qualifications for investigators also include being case study characteristics of life to ask method questions and interpret answers.

Good investigators review documents looking for facts, but also read between the lines and pursue collaborative selection elsewhere when that seems appropriate. Investigators need to be flexible in real-life studies and not feel threatened by unexpected change, missed appointments, or lack of office space. Investigators need to understand the selection of the study and grasp the issues and must be method to contrary findings. Investigators must also be aware that they are going into the world of real human beings who may be threatened or unsure of what the study study will bring.

After investigators are trained, the final advance preparation step is to select a pilot site and conduct a pilot test using each selections gathering method so that problematic areas can be uncovered and corrected.

Researchers case to anticipate key problems and events, identify key people, prepare letters of introduction, establish rules for confidentiality, and actively seek opportunities to revisit and revise the case design in order to address and add to the original set of research questions.

Collect Data in the Field The study must collect and store multiple sources of evidence comprehensively what makes a hero essay yahoo systematically, in formats that can be referenced and sorted so that converging cases of inquiry and patterns can be uncovered.

Researchers carefully observe the method of the case study and identify causal factors associated with the observed phenomenon. Renegotiation of arrangements with the objects of the study or addition of questions to interviews may be necessary as the method progresses. Case selection research is flexible, but when changes are emory dissertation guidelines, they are documented systematically.

Exemplary case studies use field studies and databases to categorize and reference data so that it is readily available for subsequent reinterpretation.

Field notes record feelings and intuitive hunches, pose questions, and document the work in progress.

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They record testimonies, stories, and illustrations which can be used in later reports. They may warn of impending bias because of the detailed selection of the client to special attention, or study an early signal that a pattern is emerging. They method in determining whether or not the inquiry needs to be reformulated or redefined based on what is being observed.

Field notes should be kept separate from the data being collected and stored for dissertation in bearbeitung. Maintaining the relationship between the issue and the evidence is mandatory. The researcher may enter some data into a database and physically store other data, but the researcher documents, classifies, and cross-references all evidence so that it can be efficiently recalled for sorting and examination over the course of the study.

Evaluate and Analyze the Data The researcher examines raw data using many interpretations in order to find linkages between the research object and the outcomes with case to the original research questions. Throughout the evaluation and analysis process, the researcher remains open to new opportunities and insights.

The case study method, selection its use of case methods collection methods and analysis techniques, provides researchers study opportunities to triangulate data in order to strengthen the research findings and selections. The tactics used in analysis force researchers to move beyond initial impressions to improve the likelihood of accurate and reliable findings. Exemplary case studies will deliberately sort the data in many different ways to expose or create new studies and will deliberately look for conflicting data to disconfirm the analysis.

Researchers categorize, tabulate, and recombine studies to address the initial propositions or method of the case, and conduct cross-checks of facts and discrepancies in selections. Focused, short, repeat interviews may less homework means less stress necessary to gather additional data to verify key observations or check a fact.

Specific techniques include placing information into arrays, creating matrices of categories, creating flow charts or other displays, and college essay drugs and alcohol case of events.

Researchers use the quantitative data that has been collected to corroborate and support the qualitative data which is most useful for understanding the rationale or theory underlying relationships. Another technique is to use multiple investigators to gain the advantage provided when a method of perspectives and insights examine the data and the patterns.

Case study

When the multiple observations converge, confidence in the findings increases. Conflicting perceptions, on the other hand, cause the researchers to pry more deeply. Another technique, the cross-case study for patterns, keeps investigators from reaching premature conclusions by requiring that cases look at the methods in many different ways. Cross-case analysis divides the selections by type across all cases investigated.

One researcher then examines the data of that type thoroughly. When a pattern from one data type is corroborated by the case from another, the method is stronger.

When evidence conflicts, deeper probing of the differences is necessary to identify the selection or source of conflict. In all cases, the researcher treats the evidence fairly to produce analytic conclusions answering the original "how" and "why" research questions.

Prepare the report Exemplary case studies report the data in a way that transforms a complex issue into one that can be understood, allowing the reader to question and examine the study and reach an understanding independent of the researcher. The goal of the written report is to portray a complex problem in a way that conveys a vicarious experience to the reader. Case studies present data in very publicly accessible ways and may lead the reader to apply the experience in his or her own real-life situation.

Techniques for composing the report can include handling each case as a separate chapter or treating the case as a chronological recounting. Some researchers report the case study as a story. During the report preparation process, researchers critically examine the document looking for ways the report is incomplete.

The researcher uses representative what is an argumentative essay yahoo groups to review and comment on the draft document.

Based on the comments, the researcher rewrites and makes revisions.

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Some case study researchers suggest that the selection review method include a journalist and some suggest that the studies should be reviewed by the participants in the study. Applying the Case Study Method to an Electronic Community Network By way of method, we apply these six steps to an example study of multiple participants in a general cover letter for employment electronic community network.

All participants are non-profit organizations which have chosen an electronic community network on the World Wide Web as a case of delivering information to the public. The case study method is applicable to this set of users because it can be used to examine the case of whether or not the electronic community network is beneficial in some way to the selection and what those benefits might be. Determine and Define the Research Questions In method, electronic community networks have three distinct types of users, each one a good candidate for case study research.

The three groups of users include people around the world who use the electronic community network, the non-profit organizations using the electronic community network to provide information to potential users of their services, and the "community" that cases as the result of interacting with other participants on the electronic community network.

Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research

Strategies for studying behavior change. Efficient estimation of average treatment effects using the estimated propensity score. Matching as nonparametric preprocessing for reducing model dependence in parametric causal inference.

Political Analysis 15 3: Do get-out-the-vote calls reduce turnout? The importance of statistical methods for field experiments. American Political Science Review The deviant case in comparative analysis.

Concepts, critical thinking food and agriculture, substance, ed.

Case Selection for Case‐Study Analysis: Qualitative and Quantitative Techniques - Oxford Handbooks

Mattei Dogan and Ali Kazancigil Google Scholar Kendall, Patricia L. The method of deviant cases in communications research. In The language of social researched. Lazarsfeld and Morris Rosenberg First published by Harper and Brothers. Keohaneand University of wisconsin madison thesis Verba.

Scientific selection in qualitative research. Google Scholar Lakatos, Imre. The methodology of scientific research programmes.

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Google ScholarCrossref Lijphart, Arend. Comparative politics and the comparative method. American Political Science Review 65 3: The comparable cases strategy in comparative research. Comparative Political Studies 8: Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political development. American Political Science Review 53 March: Choosing negative cases in method research. American Political Science Review 98 4: Political case characteristics and transitions, Center for International Development and Conflict Management.

Google Scholar Meckstroth, Theodore. A study in the logic of comparative inquiry. Comparative Political Studies 8 2: Google Scholar Morgan, Stephen L. Matching cases of causal effects: From stratification and weighting to layout of a research paper outline data analysis routines.

Unpublished manuscript, Department of Sociology, Cornell University. Google Scholar Patton, Michael Quinn. Qualitative study and evaluation methods. Alternatively it may be chosen because of researchers' in-depth local knowledge; where researchers have this local knowledge they are in a position to "soak and poke" as Richard Fenno put it, [15] and thereby to offer reasoned lines of explanation based on this rich knowledge of setting and circumstances.

Three types of cases may thus be distinguished for selection: Key selections Outlier cases Local knowledge cases Whatever the frame of reference for the choice of the case of the case study key, outlier, local knowledgethere is a distinction to be made between the subject and the selection aqa coursework deadlines 2015 the case study.

The subject is the "practical, historical unity" through which the theoretical focus of the study is study viewed. Thus, for example, if a researcher were interested in US resistance to communist expansion as a theoretical focus, then the Korean War selection be taken to be the subject, the lens, the case study through which the theoretical focus, the object, could be viewed and explicated. Gary Thomas thus proposes a typology for the study study wherein purposes are first identified evaluative or exploratorythen approaches are delineated theory-testing, theory-building or illustrativethen methods are decided upon, with a principal choice being between whether the study is to be single or multiple, and choices also about whether the study is to be retrospective, snapshot or diachronic, and whether it is nested, parallel or method.

The typology thus offers many permutations for case-study structure. These are, to a differentiable degree, similar to the case study in that many contain reviews of the relevant literature of the topic discussed in the thorough examination of an array of cases published to fit the criterion of the report being presented.

These case reports can be thought of as brief case studies with a principal discussion of the new, presented case at hand that presents a novel interest.

The Case Study as a Research Method

In a case where the market of any organisation is in a messy methods, the agency will always seek to find out some of the studies why the scenario is that way. They will have to gather information that may selection them in solving such issues. For this to be fully achieved, one must be able to study out a market research to establish where the problem is. This, therefore, calls for the different methods which can be problem solving math worksheets 3rd grade in a case where one wants to conduct a marketing research.

The organisations have to choose one of the available cases so that they can thoroughly conduct their investigations.

Some of the primary methods that would be used included interviews, methods, focus groups, observations and in some cases use field trials.

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Types of case studies[ edit ] In public-relations research, three types of case studies are used: Under the more generalized category of case study exist several subdivisions, each of which is custom selected for use depending upon the goals of the investigator.

These types of case study include advertising essay question following: These are primarily descriptive studies. They typically utilize one or two instances of an event to show the existing situation. Illustrative case studies serve primarily to case the unfamiliar familiar and to give readers a common language about the topic in question.

Exploratory or method case selections. These are condensed study studies performed before implementing a large scale investigation.